Tips for Building Rapport with Youth / Conseils pour Établir des Rapports avec les Jeunes

How can we engage with young people from diverse backgrounds?

YWHO staff deliver services to meet the needs of diverse youth in an equitable manner (including youth who are often excluded and marginalized), and staff respect and respond to youth’s health beliefs, practices, and cultural and linguistic needs.

There is no ‘one size fits all’ rapport method that will work with all youth. Like older adults, young people are individuals and come from a variety of backgrounds and histories, and may respond differently to various rapport methods. It can be beneficial to involve any family members who are with the youth, or already-existing service providers, when building rapport. When introducing youth to the hub, ask questions, and acknowledge any sensitivities or barriers the youth share.

How can we build rapport with any family members, in addition to youth? 

• Youth may come in to the hub - willingly or begrudgingly - with family members. It is important to build rapport with these collateral contacts.
• The rapport-building factors in the table above apply to family members as well.
• Let youth and family members know that the hub is a youth-focused space, and they are welcome to bring in anyone they want for support, as we want to work together to ensure best outcomes for youth.
• Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal cues about youth’s relationship with family members.
• If youth consents, YWHO staff can meet with family members to help support youth goals, or provide further details regarding any family-support program.
• When working with youth, asking them who is in their corner/who are the people they go to when things get bad, can provide a good idea who the true supports are for youth.
• Let youth and family members know that, at YWHO, families are included as active decision-makers and equal partners in treatment/service delivery at the individual, organizational and system levels. The aims are to maximize service quality for youth and families by ensuring that the design of services and policies reflect youth’s and families’ needs and preferences.

See the tips for building rapport resources for more information. 

What are some developmental considerations in rapport-building with youth ages 12-25 years?

AGE AND LANGUAGE:

• Youth’s chronological age may not be representative of their developmental stage. When speaking with young people, begin with simple language and modify as you determine how the youth is responding. Starting with complex or jargon-like language, and then simplifying, can feel demeaning to youth.

REASONING AND COGNITION:

• Younger youth may use more concrete reasoning (e.g., work with literal information that’s right in front of them) whereas older youth may use more abstract reasoning (e.g., use information and apply it to new situations, analyze information, detect patterns).
• As youth develop, they increase their ability for complex thought, and are better able to express their feelings through talking and give reasons for their choices.
• Cognitive abilities attained during adolescence may give rise to feelings of egocentrism, where adolescents believe that they can do anything and know better than anyone else. Try to avoid power struggles. Instead, try saying, “help me understand,” or use some playful, non-sarcastic banter.

PREFRONTAL CORTEX AND BEHAVIOUR:

• The prefrontal cortex, responsible for planning, organizing, understanding risks and consequences of actions, is typically only fully developed in the age range of mid-20s/early 30s. Thus adolescents and young adults may act impulsively, rather than thoughtfully, and engage in risky behaviours.
• As youth develop, they become better able to delay gratification and tend to show more concern about the future.
• Previously enjoyable activities may lose their appeal over time as youth age.

PRESSURES:

• Adolescents may feel more pressure to respond in a certain way, and more suspicious of others. As youth develop, they may feel more confident in their responses.

DECISION MAKING:

• Older youth typically have increased decision-making abilities versus younger youth.
• As youth develop, they tend to make their own plans, set more long-term goals, and become better able to weigh a variety of considerations prior to making decisions.

EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL REASONING:

• Young adolescents start to express more interest in, and are increasingly influenced by, peers versus family. Moodiness and short-tempered behaviour may manifest.
• As youth develop, they show more independence from parents, and have a deeper capacity for sharing and developing intimate relationships.
• Mental health and/or substance use issues tend to develop during this time.
• Youth focus is typically on the self, and exploring identities.

HUMOUR:

• Use and understanding of different types of humour varies with age/maturity.
• Be mindful of sarcasm - it can potentially hurt feelings or lead to conflict.

PRAISE:

• For all ages of young people, ensure praise is genuine, age-appropriate, and not extreme.
• Certain types of praise can be positive and motivating for many youth (e.g., “Wow!” “I liked the way you tried doing that.”)
• Keep in mind that some youth do not respond well to praise (e.g., do not like the attention, feel embarrassed, feel praise is insincere).
• Apply any praise sincerely (otherwise it can appear manipulative, or that you are feeling sorry for youth).
• Across age/developmental stages, praise youth for factors they can control (e.g., strategies and effort, versus natural abilities).

PHYSICAL SPACE:

• Younger youth may benefit from a quiet, distraction-free, comfortable meeting environment (to reduce anxiety or inattention). This can apply to older youth as well. In general, when individuals feel safe and comfortable, they will be more likely to communicate preferences/perspectives etc.
• Do not underestimate the power of white noise, or background music, for some youth. Silence can feel painful to some youth, especially when they are holding in emotions.

How can we speak with youth about completing forms on the iPad (or in hard copy form) while maintaining rapport?

• Try to be upbeat, warm, and engaging when presenting the iPad and describing the rationale for collecting information - if you enthusiastically demonstrate your belief in YWHO’s use of measurement based care, youth will be more likely to want to complete the questionnaires.
• Assume that youth will want to complete the questionnaires. They have typically come in voluntarily for assistance. Remember that sometimes youth answer more easily and honestly when no one is looking at them or they don’t feel judged, and they can just check off their responses on an iPad. (Some youth may benefit from more support).
• Please keep in mind that sociodemographic and clinical screening questionnaires are being completed prior to a therapeutic relationship forming with a service provider, so rapport with the first people youth see is important!
• Consider any accommodations that may be needed for youth with disabilities (e.g., cannot hold iPad), low levels of literacy, English or French not their first language…etc.
  • May need an adjustment of physical setting, more privacy, oral administration, interpreter, adult support, fidget tool/stress ball, background noise etc.
  • Please do not assume youth literacy level or ways of processing information. Have multiple formats available including iPad and paper copies of the forms, or can offer to go into a more private area and read the questions to the youth and input their answers.
• Ensure a safe and comfortable environment to complete the questionnaires with minimal distractions.
• Consider where you might sit in relation to youth. Sitting directly across a table, interrogation-style, may be perceived as threatening and can create a barrier. Instead, sit beside or kitty-corner to youth if warranted, or sit a short distance away and let youth know you will be nearby should there be questions.

Some things you can say:

• “To provide you with the best service we can, it’s good for us to learn a bit about you. We use a super convenient iPad to collect some information from you, about you, and you just get to check off responses. (If you prefer responding on paper, we can do that instead). Basically, the answers you give:
  • Help us to get to know you better
  • Help us to know what services might best meet your needs
  • Help us to track your progress, together
  • Help us to monitor your goals, together”
• “It’s a chance for you to bring up issues that are important to you, so we’re not making assumptions about you."
• “It takes approximately 30 minutes to complete the forms, but it may take less or more time.” (If youth indicates that they have completed forms so many times before, or have been let down by others etc, you can let them know that these are meant to be quick screening tools, not a long assessment, with the aim of trying to get them to see someone as quickly as possible, hopefully within 72 hours).
• “Each question has a purpose - which is to understand what’s most important to you and how we can best help you out! The questionnaires have all been used with many youth and have been shown to provide accurate information - that’s why we chose them.”
• “These questionnaires are really a baseline before you meet with, and get to know, a service provider here, who will go though all of this with you. Then you can work together with your service provider to find the more effective things to do to address your goals.”
• “Would you be okay to use the iPad right here?” (wherever that may be in your hub)
  • If you notice discomfort with this option, or if they say no, can ask if they prefer a different hub space and show options.
• “The questions are all in English (or French). Would you want some assistance completing them, or for me to read them to you? I am also available right over there if you have any questions at all - please feel free to ask.”
• “Would you like me to check in with you in a few minutes to see how it’s going?”
• "Do you have any questions at all right now before you get started? I’m happy to try to answer them.”

See the initial script for youth navigators/front desk staff resource for more information. 

What can we pay attention to in youth during this process?

Body language:

• It may take longer to build rapport with some youth than others. Some youth will not verbalize their discomfort, but their body language will tell you they are not ready to share too much.
• If you notice youth showing signs of disinterest/nervousness before/with the iPad (or paper forms), you can try to:
  • Acknowledge their behaviour/possible feelings (try to avoid assumptions):
    • “I notice you are” (e.g., looking down/away, fidgeting, sighing, shaking head…etc) or
    • “Are you feeling…” (e.g., a bit reluctant to fill out the questionnaires, nervous, upset, sad, irritated…).
    • “How might I help? Do you have any questions for me that I can answer?”

• Can mirror back/reflect their concerns to make sure you and youth are on same page (“It sounds like you’re concerned that…”).
• Remind youth that information they share is confidential (but for the limits of confidentiality).

Verbal cues:

If youth say they do not want to complete sociodemographic data and/or clinical screeners:

• Acknowledge the struggle of coming in (with/without family member) and engaging in screening.
• “It’s okay if you need a few minutes, there’s no rush.” Brainstorm with the youth what will help to complete the questionnaires (different space, someone sitting with them, can chat about a topic of interest first, listen to music while completing, respond verbally or on paper).
• “Sounds like you are not interested in answering all of these questions. I hear you. What’s the main thing getting in the way for you?”
• Ambivalence/resistance is normal - try to roll with it, reflect back to youth, try to avoid a disagreement. Be supportive.
  • “So what I hear you saying is that…”
  • “You have filled out a lot of questionnaires in the past and now you may be questioning how these might be helpful…”

• Express empathy so youth feel understood, safe, accepted (they are not penalized for not completing questionnaires).
• Acknowledge to youth that some of the content in the clinical screeners may feel quite personal but obtaining the information is really the best way to assist them.
• “I just want to make sure I understand what’s not sitting well with you about the iPad questionnaires…” (reflect back what their concerns are). “Does that capture it?” “Ok let’s talk about what the next steps can be…”

If youth still refuses to complete questionnaires:

• "That’s okay, maybe we can try another time.” Care/service/an appointment is still provided and youth can be offered the opportunity at another session to complete the questionnaires (Ideally, we want questionnaires completed at intake, but there are exceptions to the rule. Questionnaire incompletion is not a barrier to service).
• Service provider can further explore resistance during the session, and explain benefits of screeners.
• ALL youth receive service - even if they do not complete questionnaires.